Pressure measuring instrument



Nov. 11, 1952 G. CONOVER PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March 20, 1946 R 5 4L 6 R man. a I 4 L m q 5 ,5 w A 6 8 I W M w v 5 Q .1 W Q |l T, 65 a 6 w Z a. M m /2 l w 3 p; M @VQM, MN H n E 5 3 f9 0 4 17 b 5 y 5 w w M; 5. w 8) 4, III W 6 s 4i 5 a a o w/ Nov. 11, 1952 G. E. CONOVER 2,617,304

PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT Filed March 20, 1946 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. 62-096: E 'C'a/Vm ER INVENTOR. 615096 5 Como/4R 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 u AMWWM I 4 w w Rm 7 y m 2 Nov. 11, 1952 Filed March 20 1946 Patented Nov. 11, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT Application March 20, 1946, Serial No. 655,660

19 Claims.

This invention relates to instruments for measuring changes in gas pressures, more particularly to a barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure such as occur with change .in the elevation of the barometer, and has for an object the provision of an instrument which is simple both in construction and operation, and yet has great sensitivity.

Heretofore, many schemes have been proposed for the measurement of atmospheric pressure, including mercury and aneroid barometers, and it has been proposed to utilize the expansion and contraction of air, or a selected gas to indicate a change in atmospheric pressure. Systems and instruments of the foregoing types are either limited in their sensitivity or they are affected by the ambient temperature to a degree which greatly impairs their accuracy and usefulness.

In carrying out the present invention in one form thereof, there is provided an instrument which operates on the null principle, which has a sensitivity great enough to detect, in response to the resultant change in air pressure, a change in elevation of the instrument of one foot or less. In accordance with the invention, two chambers are connected by a length of capillary tubing. One chamber is sealed at the time of calibration of the instrument, while the other chamber is exposed to the atmosphere. volume of the sealed chamber is then changed until the pressure therein is exactly equal to the pressure of the unsealed chamber. The position of a drop of liquid within the capillary tubing is utilized to indicate when an exact pressure-balance has been achieved. The volumechanging means is calibrated and thus the change in pressure may be determined directly from the movement required of the volumechanging device to produce the pressure-balance.

For a more detailed explanation of the invention, and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference is to be had to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a sectional view taken on the line ll of Fig. 3 of an instrument embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the gearing associated with the volume-changing means;

Fig. 2-A is an enlarged view of the lower end of the volume-changing device;

Fig. 3 is a plan view of the instrument of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1, with certain parts omitted;

Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken on the line 5-5 of Fig. 3;

The

Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken on the line 6-6 of Fig. 3;

Fig. '7 is an enlarged sectional view of the valve shown in Fig. 5, located between the normally sealed and the normally unsealed chambers;

Fig. 8 diagrammatically illustrates another form of the invention;

Fig. 9 is an enlarged sectional elevation of a preferred form of valve; and

Fig. 10 is a sectional view taken on the line Ill-40 of Fig. 9.

Referring to the drawings, the invention will first be explained in connection with the diagrammatic illustration, Fig. 8, of one embodiment thereof. There will then be described the constructional details, Figs. 1-'7, of a preferred form of the invention.

Referring now to Fig. 8, the invention has been illustrated as comprising a normally sealed chamber [0 and a normally unsealed chamber ll connected by a length of glass or transparent capillary tubing l3. The volume of chamber l0 may be varied by means of a flexible bellows Id. The bellows is expanded or contracted by rotating a knob l5 which drives a shaft it. This shaft threadedly engages a stationary support I? so that as the shaft is rotated in one direction or the other it expands or contracts the bellows l4. An indicator or pointer i8 is connected to the knob l5 and cooperates with an associated scale [9. The chamber Ill may be opened to the atmosphere through a tube 20 under the control of a valve 2|.

The capillary tubing l3 includes two inverted U-shaped sections 22 and 23, respectively forming traps for a small quantity of liquid as which is placed in the horizontal section of the tubing located between the liquid-traps 22 and 23. A clamp valve 25 is disposed between the liquidtrap 23 and the normally unsealed chamber ii. The valve 25 is normally open. The normally unsealed chamber II is connected by a capillary tube 26 to the atmosphere under the control of a valve 21.

In calibrating the instrument, that is, fixing the zero reading thereof for a given elevation, the valves 25 and 2'! are opened. The valve 2| is then opened to connect the normally sealed chamber It] to the atmosphere. The knob I5 is then rotated to move the pointer l8 to a reference point on the scale l9. Any selected point on the scale may be utilized as the reference point. The valve 2| is then closed and the position relative to the associated scale 29 of the liquid 24 is carefully determined. The small quantity of liquid 24, as it appears through the transparent tubing, looks like a bubble and will hereafter be so named. The liquid or bubble 24 is preferably a low-gravity oil, such as butyl phthalate, with a high temperature of vaporization. It forms a movable air seal between the two chambers I and II.

After the zero or reference position of the bubble 24 has been determined, the valve 25 and/or the valve 21 are closed. The entire apparatus may then be carried to a new location. The new location will be assumed to have an elevation differing from that of the previous location. Therefore, the atmospheric pressure at the new location will differ from that of the previous location. The clamp valve 25, if closed, is then opened. The bubble 24 will not move because the valve 21 will still be closed. The valve 21 is then momentarily opened to connect the chain:- ber II to atmosphere. There will be ingress or egress of air to the chamber II with a resultant change in pressure therein. This change in pressure will cause the bubble 24 to move in the direction of the chamber having the lower pressure. The shaft I6 is then rotated by the knob I5 to bring the bubble back to the original zero or reference position. The valve 21 is repeatedly opened and the shaft [6 is rotated until the bubble 24 comes to rest. In this manner, the actual movement of the bubble 24 may be small and kept within the view of an optical magnifier. When the bubble 24 is approximately at rest, the valve 21 is left in the open position. If desired, the valve 21 may be initially moved to and kept in its open position, it being understood that the horizontal tubing I3 may be made relatively long to take care of maximum movement of the bubble 24, which movement will of course be restricted as the knob I5 is rotated to produce a balancing pressure in the chamber ID. The size of the capillary tube 26 is preferably selected so that pressure changes in the chamber II occur at a relatively low rate. The capillary tube 25, which may also take the form of other flowrestricting means, together with the chamber II filters or smooths out transient pressure changes due to local conditions.

When exact pressure-balance has been attained, the bubble 24 will have been returned to its reference position. The degree of rotation of the pointer I8 required to return it to that position will then be directly related to the extent of the pressure change which occurred in the chamber I0. Accordingly, the scale I9 may be calibrated directly in terms of pressure, or, for conditions of constant atmospheric temperature, in terms of elevation. By making the crossseetional area of the opening through the capillary tube I3 small as compared with the volume of the chamber l0, very high sensitivity can be obtained. This follows because the bubble 24 must be moved a relatively great distance before the resultant change in volume will produce a substantial change in the pressure in the chamber I0. That volume change will depend upon the area of the opening in the tube 13 times the dis tance moved by the bubble 24. Since the ratio of the cross-sectional area of chamber ID to that of tube I 3 is large, the sensitivity is also of a high order. The tubing I3, being horizontal, eliminates the effect of gravity; and the liquid bubble 24, being capable of wetting the tube I3, minimizes resistance to movement thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the change in atmospheric pressure due to a change in one foot of elevation of the instrument caused the bubble 24 to move a distance of three millimeters. This change corresponds with a change in atmospheric pressure of one part in thirty thousand.

By providing a very small capillary tube 26 or a pin-hole orifice, in place of or in addition to the valve 21, rapid variations in atmospheric pressure may be eliminated. Thus, the pin-hole opening or capillary tubing 26 and the chamber I I serve as a filter which eliminates high-frequency components of pressure such as arise due to small gusts of wind and the like.

The instrument may also be used for measurement of gas pressures other than changes in the atmospheric pressure. The chamber II may itself contain the gas whose pressure is to be measured. The chamber II may be normally sealed or it may be connected through the capillary tubing 26 to a separate container. In all modifications of the invention, the null type method of measuring is preferred; that is, the adjustment of the pressure within the container III to equal that of the unknown pressure. For relatively large changes in pressure, the bubble or movable liquid seal 24 may tend to move upwardiy into one or the other of the liquid traps 22 and 23. Should it do so, the force of gravity must then be overcome, whereas it is not present as long as the bubble is disposed in the horizontal length of tubing I3. The traps 22 and 23 are also high enough to prevent loss of the bubble 24 by movement of the bubble 24 into one or the other of chambers III and II. Where relatively great pressure changes are suspected to exist, the intermittent opening of the valve 21 will permit not only the observation of the direction of movement of the bubble 24 but also will show the direction of rapid rotation of the knob I5 to change the pressure of chamber I0 until it approaches that of the chamber I I.

In the preferred form of the invention, as illustrated in Figs. 1-7, the normally sealed chamber I0 is disposed within the outer and normally unsealed chamber II'. An upper plate or closure member 36, common to both chambers, serves to seal the side walls 3| and 32 thereof. The bottom wall 33 of the outer chamber II is suitably secured, as by soldering, to the side wall 32. The bottom wall 34, similarly secured to the side wall 3 I, is provided with a recess 35 to receive a cup 36 provided with a flange 31, Fig. 2-A, to which there is secured the lower end of the ex pansible bellows I4. The upper end of the bellows I4 is secured to the flange 38 of a tubular member 39, the lower end of which is threaded to receive the threaded end of the drive shaft IG. The flange 38 is bolted or otherwise secured to the upper plate 3!]. An unthreaded lower endportion of the shaft I6 is journaled in a ball bearing, Fig. 2-A, the outer race 40 of which is pressed into the cup 36, while the inner race is pressed onto the lower end-portion of the shaft I6. A nut 4| threaded on the lower end of the shaft I6 presses against the inner race 42. Thus,

as the shaft I6 is rotated in one direction or' the other, it moves the cup 36 to shorten or lengthen the bellows I4 and thus increases or decreases the volume of the chamber ID.

The shaft I6 is rotated by means of the knob I5 which, in this embodiment of the invention, is secured to one end of a shaft 44 which is itself supported in a bearing bracket 45. On the other end of the shaft 44 there is provided a bevel gear 46 which meshes with a second bevel gear 41, journaled within a supporting member 48. As shown in Fig. 2, the gear 41 is pressed onto a bushing 49' having a flange 50 disposed below the supporting member 48. The inner diameter of the bushing 49 is large enough to provide clearance around a splined stub shaft 5|, the lower end of which is connected by a pin 52 to a coupling member 53, of heat-insulating material. The lower end of the coupling member 53 is connected to the drive shaft l6, Fig. l. The stub shaft 5| is driven by rotation of the gear 41 and the bushing 49 by means of a driving plate 54, secured as by screws 55, to the flange 59. The driving plate 54 has an inner opening provided with recesses and extensions complementary to the splines of the stub shaft 5|. By utilizing the driving plate 54, there is minimized the friction which would otherwise exist between the driving and drven parts of the spline connection. Accordingly, upon rotation of the knob I5, the shaft 18 is rotated and, with a minimum of friction due to the spline connection, the bellows M is expanded or contracted to any desired position.

The position of the bellows [4 may be determined by any suitable means.- For example, a counter 51 may be driven by the shaft through the gears 58 and 59, Fig. 4. The counter itself is preferably responsive to fractional revolutions as well as to full revolutions of the shaft. In one form of the invention, the right-hand numeraldisc was marked with lines to indicate each hundredth of a revolution while the discs to the left registered up to 9999 revolutions of the shaft 84. As will be later explained, the counter 51 may also be utilized for easy determination of the elevation of the barometer.

The chambers I8 and II are disposed within an outer chamber 69 formed by walls 65 of heatdistributing material. The bottom of this outer casing rests upon three posts BI, 62, and 63, Figs. 1 and 4, the lower ends of which are secured to a baseboard 64. The heat-distributing walls 65 of chamber 60 are enclosed in a still larger heatinsulating chamber 68 formed by the annular side wall 5? and the upper and lower closure members 68 and 69. Supporting posts or rods 10-13, Fig. 4, extend from the upper wall 65 of the chamber 90 to the upper plate or closure member 68. These rods are hidden behind certain of the parts in Fig. 1. The rod 72 is visible in Fig. 5. They are fastened to the upper plate 68 by means of screws Illa-18a. There are four posts of insulating material respectively secured to the closure plate 38 and to the closure 65 by any suitable means such as screws. Two of the posts, the posts 16 and TI, may be seen in Fig. 5. The ends of these posts, the posts 16 and H, are shown in the fractional sectional view of Fig. 4, and the screws Hill which threadedly engage the other two posts are also shown extending through the upper plate or closure member 65.

In order to maintain the chambers l8 and H at a fixed and predetermined temperature, the outer chamber 60 is heated to and maintained at a predetermined temperature, preferably higher than that of the atmosphere; for example, at 150 F., by means of electrical resistors or heaters 18 and 19 supported on the heat-distributing walls of the chamber 69. A conventional control system, forming no part of the present invention, is utilized to maintain constant the aforesaid temperature.

It is to be observed, Fig. 1, that the outer chamber II is connected by rubber tubing 88 to the valve 2'! mounted on the upper plate 63. The valve 2'! includes a knurled cap 81 and an additional element 82. Upon movement of the cap 8!. a relatively large opening connects the tubing 88 to the atmosphere, while rotation of the element 82 opens a small pin-hole. The inner chamber [0 may be opened to the atmosphere under control of the valve 2|, a detailed view of which appears in Fig. 6. This valve is threaded into a bushing 83 suitably secured in the closure member 38, as by brazing or soldering. The valve stem 84 may be rotated to open and close the valve by means of a heat-insulated rod 85 secured by the pin 86 to the stem 84. The rod 85 extends above the upper plate 88 and has secured to it an operating knob 81. The clamp valve 25, a detailed view of which appears in Fig. 7, may be closed to prevent change in the pressure in the chamber II from affecting the bubble 24 located in the horizontal length 89 of the capillary tubing. The fluid circuit, Fig. 5, may be traced from the outer chamber II by way of capillary tubing 98 which extends from an opening in the closure 38 to one side of the valve 25. From the other side of the valve, two sections 9| and 92 of capillary tubing connected together by a short length of rubber tubing 93 form the inverted U-shaped liquid-trap 23. Similar lengths of tubing interconnected by rubber tubing 94 form the other inverted U-shapecl liquid-trap 22, which by tubing 95 completes the connection through an opening in the closure plate 39 to the inner chamber [9. l

The valve 25 is operated by means of a knob 96, Fig. 1, located above the plate 68, and connected to a heat-insulated rod 97 which is itself connected by a pin 98 to a rotatable element 99. This rotatable element is secured by a pin [08 to a collar ml. The lower end of element 99 is threaded to receive a threaded cup I02 having a flange to which a sealing bellows I03 is attached. The cup I02 also has a projecting end I84 for closing the opening leading to the capillary tubing 9|. The upper end of the bellows IE3 is secured to the upper end of the valve housing I85. It is to be observed that the coupling elements or rods 53, 78, TI, 85, and 97 are all formed of heat-insulating material, such as that available on the market under the trade names Micarta or Bakelite, and that rubber tubing is utilized to connect the outer chamber H to the atmosphere. By using these heat-insulating materials, there is minimized transference of heat to and from the chamber 60.

Again referring to Fig. 5, the bubble of liquid 29 preferably comprises a small quantity of low density liquid. This liquid may be a low density. non-volatile oil, such as butyl phthalate. It is free to move along the horizontal tubing 89 in response to any difierence between the pressures existing in the chambers II] and II. If the pressure in the outer chamber rises, the drop of oil, the liquid seal 24, will move to the right, as viewed in Fig. 5, until the pressure in the chamber l0 equals that then existing in the chamber II. It will now be apparent that the relative size of the capillary tubing 89 and the size, particularly volume, of the inner chamber I 0 will determine the sensitivity of the system. If the tubing 89 has a very small inner diameter (of from one to two millimeters is preferred), the bubble 24 will be moved an increasingly greater distance than it would be for a larger diameter tubing in order to produce the same volume-displacement of air. Thus, the arrangement provides an extremely sensitive means for determining when the pressures in the inner and outer chambers l8 and II are equal. For small changes in pressure, a scale 29, Fig. 8, may be associated 7 with tubing 89 and the position of the bubble noted with respect thereto, the principal use of the scale, however, being to establish its zero or reference position.

In the preferred form ofthe invention, a viewing tube IIO formed of a phenol condensation product sold under the trade names of Bakelite or Micarta, or other heat-insulating material may be used, extends upwardly through upper wall 65 of the chamber 60 and through upper wall or plate 68 of chamber 66. The viewing tube I I is provided with an eye-piece I I I at its upper end and with a magnifying lens H2 at the lower end adjacent the tubing 89. Illumination of the bubble 24 is provided by three lamps, energized under the control of a switch I22, Fig. 3, and respectively disposed in housings H4, H5, and I I6, Fig. 3, one of which, the housing I I4, is shown in detail in Fig. 5. A lamp or light bulb II4a is mounted in a socket or receptacle H1. The end of the bulb II4a projects outwardly into the viewing tube or housing II 6. In order to minimize flow of heat toward or away from the chambers I0 and II from the lamps, a transparent window II 8 is provided just below the lamp housings. An inner viewing tube II9 extends from the eye-piece I I I to a point just above the window II8. This inner tube H9 is made of copper or other material of high thermal conductivity and has a flange I2I painted white on the side adjacent the bulb Illa. The outside surface of the inner tube I I9 below the flange I2I as well as the inside surface of tube IIII are painted white to increase illumination of bubble 24 by the bulbs or lamps. A plurality of openings I20 are provided in the upper end of the outer tube III! to permit circulation of air and removal of heat from the inner tube II9.

With the foregoing explanations of two forms of the invention and the organization of the parts with respect to each other, it is to be understood that many variations may be made in many of the details without departing from the invention. The operation of the embodiment of Figs. 1-7 is quite similar to that of Fig. 8. In one application of the invention, a device such as shown in Figs. 1-7, was utilized to determine the elevations of a plurality of points. Though the counter 51 could be calibrated in terms of feet, for maximum accuracy account must be taken of the variation in the density of the air or atmosphere with temperature. Therefore, the counter 51 has a plurality of digit wheels by means of which the revolutions of the knob I5, and fractions thereof, from one setting to the next, may be accurately determined. Corrections for density are then applied to such readings, as will be later explained.

As already mentioned, the instrument is first located at a reference point, preferably of known elevation. At that point, the instrument is carefully adjusted so that the tubular section 89 will be disposed in a horizontal position. This adjustment may be readily made by reason of a ball and socket mounting of the instrument as a whole. As shown in Fig. 1, the baseboard 64 and the bottom plate 69 of the outer housing is clamped to a member I25 having a spherical surface cooperating with a complementary spherical surface formed on an intermediate member I26 carried by supporting legs, two of which, the legs I21 and I28, are shown in Fig. 1. A lower clamping member I29, also having a complementary spherical surface, is pressed by a spring I30 againstthe intermediate plate I26. A single .bolt.

I3I provided with a nut I32 maintains the assembly in the illustrated position. To level the instrument, it is only necessary to grasp the outer housing and move it until it is level. The ball and socket mounting permits movement in any direction and provides for ready leveling of the instrument.

When the instrument is so leveled, the heating resistors 18 and 19, under the control of a suitable regulating system, serve to produce the predetermined temperature for the chambers I0 and II. When suflicient time has elapsed for the temperature to be equalized throughout the various parts of the instrument, it may be calibrated in terms of the reference point. Accordingly, the valve 2I is opened by rotating the knob 81. It will be assumed that the other valves 21 and 25 are in their closed positions. The opening of the valve 2I connects the inner chamber I0 to atmosphere, through an internal bore provided in the valve stem 84 and which terminates at the respective openings I36 and I31. Since the chamber 66 is not sealed, atmospheric pressure exists therein.

The valve 21 is then opened by means of the element 82 for connecting the outside chamber II with the atmosphere. The valve 25 is then opened. After a short interval of time, depending upon the size of the pin-hole, the pressure in the chamber II will be equal to that in the chamber I0. The knob I5 is rotated to a predetermined counter-value and the valve 2I is then closed. The bubble 24 has been maintained directly beneath the viewing tube IIII during the entire process. When it is in the predetermined position thereunder, as determined with reference to the associated scale 29, a reading is taken on the counter 51. If the absolute elevation, that above sea level, is known, that setting will correspond therewith and the elevations of subsequent points or stations may be readily determined from the new setting of the counter 51. In ordinary practice, the elevation above sea level will be known at certain reference points located in the region under survey, and at the subsequent observation stations it will only be necessary to add or subtract the difference in the reading of the counter from that obtained at the reference point or station, and to multiply by the appropriate instrument constant determined from a calibration curve or from correction tables to translate the difference in the readings of the counter to a difference in the elevation in feet between the two observation points. After calibration, as aforesaid, the valve 21 is closed and the instrument is moved to a new station for determination of the elevation thereof.

At the new station, the instrument is again leveled, with clamp valve 25 open. While the bubble 24 is under observation, the valve element 82 is opened for an instant. The resultant change in pressure is reflected by movement of the bubble 24 in one direction or the other. The knob I5 is then rotated in a direction to produce movement of the bubble 24 in the opposite direction. The element 82 is moved to open the pin-hole and the knob I5 is rotated to hold the bubble 24 within the field of vision below the eye-piece III. After the pressure in chamber II is equal to that of the atmospheric pressure, and the bubble 24 has been returned to its original position, a reading may be taken on the GQunter 51. I This, will show the change inelevation as between the new'station and that of the reference station.

It is well known that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature, and humidity. Before correcting for the effects of temperature and humidity, the readings of the counter 51 are in more or less arbitrary units. Of course, each instrument could be so constructed that the scales of the counter would directly yield differences in elevation in feet, but the cost would be prohibitive. As is the usual custom in instruments of this general character, it is more satisfactory to use the instrument constant to convert the readings to the desired units.

An equation showing the difference in elevation between two stations is as follows:

1,600,000 kAN Where From the foregoing, it will be seen that the instrument constant is:

6 Instrument cnstant= 19 (1 .004t)k From the foregoing, the necessary corrections may be readily made to the instrument readings. If further refinements are desired, corrections may also be made for the effect of humidity on atmospheric pressure.

It will be remembered the valve 21 is opened by turning the valve element 82. To provide for rapid opening and closing of the line 80, a valve 21a of the type shown in Figs. 9 and 10 will be preferred. The valve 21a, Fig. 9, is fastenedto the plate 68 and comprises a flanged member I40 from which extends a suitable member I4I for connection with the tubing 80. The valve body I42 threadedly engages the flanged member I40 and forms therewith a seal. I44, suitable sealingmaterial being provided for that purpose. A valve pin guide I45 threadedly engages the valve body I42 and a permanent seal I46 may be made, as by soldering. A valve pin I41 is provided on top with a knurled cap I48 which may be pressed or threaded thereto. A. compression spring I50 bears against an enlarged end II of valve pin I41 and provides a suflicient force to form a seal I52. An orifice I53, Fig. is constructed by drilling a small hole and using a plug I54 which is provided with aflat surface. This feature permits the construction, between the'valve body I42 and the flat side-of plug I54, of an orificein which the air passage can be reduced to almost zero. In addition, the plug I54 and the associated hole in valve body I42 can be made long, which further reduces the amount of air that can pass through the orifice. Several orifices of differeint size may be providedfor flexibility.

For example, there may be used an orifice, which in connection with chamber II will have a time constantof the order of minutes. An orifice with a still longer time constant will be-p'referred for- 10 use on gusty days; orifices with shorter time constants will be preferred for quiet days.

In operation of the instrument, and upon arrival at a new station where the atmospheric pressure most likely differs from the last station, valve 21a is operated by tapping valve pin cap I48. This permits a small amount of air to pass through the orifice I53, which in turn moves bubble 24. The knob I5, Figs. 1, 4, and 8, is rotated, preferably at the same time, to keep the bubble 24 approximately in the center or in midposition of the capillary tube 89. When the pressure difference" becomes small, the valve pin I4! is pushed down and sidewise to a position where a shoulder I56 on valve pin I4! is held by'spring I50 against a shoulder I51 of valve pin guide I45. This permits the valve to re-' main open until a final reading is made. To close the valve 21a, valve pin I4! is moved to line up concentric with the hole in the valve pin guide I45, which permits the spring I50 to force enlarged head I5I of the valve pin up against the seal I52.

If it is desired to by-pass the seal I52 and the orifice I53, the seal I44 may be broken by unscrewing valve body I42. A knurled flange M211 is provided to facilitate this operation. By breaking the seal I44 in this manner, air is permitted to move directly through slot I55, through the hole in coupling member I and thus through the tubing to or from the instrument. While the foregoing structure is preferred, a sensitive needle valve above the orifice I53 may be provided in lieu thereof.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood that further modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure comprising a normally sealed chamber, a flow channel open at one end to atmosphere and connected to said chamber at its opposite end, a small quantity of liquid disposed in said channel to form a movable air seal therefor and movable along said channel in response to pressure changes on either side thereof, means for indicating the location of said seal in said channel, and volume-changing structure for varying the pressure Within said chamber until it is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the opposite side of said air seal.

2. A barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure comprising a normally sealed chamber, a horizontal and transparent flow passage openat one end to atmosphere and connected to said chamber at its opposite end, a small quantity of a non-volatile liquid disposed in said passage to form a movable air seal therefor and movable along said passage in response to pressure changes on either side thereof, said liquid being capable of wetting said passage, and volume-changing structure for varying the pressure within said chamber until it is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the opposite side of said air seal.

3. A barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure comprising a normally sealed chamber, a flow channel open at one end to atmosphere and connected to said chamber at its opposite end, a small quantity of liquid disposed in said channel to form a movable air seal therefor and movable along said channel in response to pressure changeson either side thereof, means for varying the pressure within said chamber until it is equal to the atmospheric pressure on the opposite side of said air seal, means for indicating the location of said seal in said channel, and means for determining from operation of said pressure-varying means said pressure on said opposite side of said seal.

4. A barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure comprising a normally sealed chamber, a transparent flow channel open at one end to atmosphere and connected to said chamber at its opposite end, visible means disposed in said channel to form an air seal therefor and movable in response to pressure changes on either side thereof, and displaceable means for varying the volume of said chamber until the pressure therein is equal to that of the atmosphere on the opposite side of said air seal.

5. A barometer for measuring changes in atmospheric pressure comprising a normally sealed chamber, a horizontal transparent flow channel open at one end to the atmosphere and connected to said chamber at its opposite end, a small quantity of a non-volatile liquid disposed in said channel to form a movable and visible air seal therefor and movable along said channel in response to pressure changes on either side thereof, displaceable means for varying the volume of said chamber until the pressure therein is equal to that on the opposite side of said air seal, and means for determining the extent of the displacement of said volume-changing means whereby the atmospheric pressure on the opposite side of said air seal may be determined.

6. A barometer for measuring changes in pressure of the atmosphere comprising a chamber, means including a flow channel with a drop of a non-volatile liquid visible through said channel and disposed therein for sealing said chamber, said flow channel communicating at one end with said chamber and at the opposite end with the atmosphere, said flow channel having liquid traps spaced one from the other to limit movement of said liquid drop to the region therebetween, displaceable means disposed within said chamber for changing the volume thereof to control the position between said traps of said liquid drop, and means for determining from the displacement of said means the atmospheric pressure.

7. A barometer comprising a normally sealed chamber and a normally unsealed chamber open to the atmosphere through a restricted opening, a transparent flow channel interconnecting said chambers, a liquid air seal movable along and visible through said flow channel in response to pressure differences between said chambers, and displaceable means for varying the volume of said sealed chamber until the pressure therein equals that of the atmosphere in said unsealed chamber, said restricted opening and unsealed chamber serving to smooth out transient changes in atmospheric pressure.

8. An atmospheric pressure-measuring instrument of the null type comprising a pair of chambers, one of which is normally sealed, a horizontal, transparent flow channel interconnecting said chambers, an air seal disposed therein comprising a small quantity of a non-volatile liquid, valve means for opening the other chamber to atmosphere, a resulting change in pressure within said other chamber, having the effect of moving said air seal toward the chamber having the lower pressure, displaceable means for changing the volume of, and the pressure within the other normally sealed chamber to return said air seal to its original position, and means for determining the change in pressure which occurred in said normally sealed chamber from the extent of displacement of said means in the other of said chambers.

9. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed chamber and a second chamber subject to the gas pressure to be measured, a transparent flow channel interconnecting said chambers, a liquid seal movable along said flow channel in response to pressure differences between said chambers, displaceable means for varying the volume of said sealed chamber until the pressure therein equals that in said second chamber, and filtering means comprising said second chamber and an opening therefor of such a small size that there is formed a filter for substantially eliminating any effect on said seal of rapidly varying changes in the gas pressure applied to said second chamber.

10. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a pair of chambers, one of which is normally sealed, tubing interconnecting said chambers, at least a portion of said tubing being transparent, a liquid globule disposed within said transparent portion and movable in response to pressure difierences between said chambers, an expansible bellows having one end connected to a wall of said normally sealed chamber and having its opposite end sealed, a rod extending into the interior of said bellows, a bearing disposed within said bellows for said rod, means for moving said rod longitudinally of said bellows to expand or contract it, said last-named means comprising a rotatable gear and a splined shaft slid able lengthwise thereof, said rod being threaded, a threaded stationary member cooperating with said rod for producing lengthwise movement thereof upon rotation of said gear, and means for measuring the amount of rotation of said rotatable gear whereby the extent of elongation 0r contraction of said bellows may be determined.

11. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed inner chamber and an outer chamber, a transparent flow channel interconnecting said chambers, a liquid air seal movable along said flow channel in response to pressure diilerences between said chambers, valve means in said flow channel and movable from an open position to a closed position to clamp or look said air seal in position, and displaceable means operable when said valve is open for varying the volume of said inner chamber until the pressure therein equals that in said outer chamber.

12. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed inner chamber and an outer chamber, a transparent fiow channel interconnecting said chambers, a liquid air seal movable along said flow channel in response to pressure difierences between said chambers, displaceable means for varying the volume of said inner chamber until the pressure therein equals that in said outer chamber, and valve means for controlling application of fiuid pressures to each of said chambers.

13. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed inner chamber and an outer chamber within which said inner chamber is disposed, capillary tubing interconnecting said chambers, said tubing having a transparent horizontal section, a liquid air seal movable along said horizontal section in response to pressure differences between said chambers, displaceable means disposed within said inner chamber for varying the volume thereof to equalize the pressure with that of said outer chamber, means operable in spaced relation with both of said chambers for actuating said displaceable means, and valve means for connecting said outer chamber to an atmosphere the pressure of which is to be measured.

14. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising an outer chamber, an inner chamber disposed Within said outer chamber, said chambers having a common closure member, volumechanging means supported from said closure member for varying the volume of one of said chambers, capillary tubing interconnecting said chambers, said tubing including a transparent horizontal section intermediate the ends thereof and with liquid traps at each end of said horizontal section, a liquid air seal disposed within said horizontal section and movable from one to the other of said liquid traps in response to a difierence in pressure between said chambers, means extending through said closure member for operating said displaceable means, and means for accurately determining the position of said liquid air seal in response to changes of pressure produced by operation of said displaceable means.

15. A barometric pressure-measuring instrument comprising walls forming an outer chamber normally open to atmosphere and an inner chamber disposed therein, said chambers having a common closure member for corresponding ends thereof, an expansible bellows secured at one end to said closure member, the opposite end thereof being closed, means disposed within said bellows for expanding and contracting said bellows to vary the volume of said inner chamber, tubing of relatively small size interconnecting said chambers, said tubing having a normally horizontal transparent section, a, liquid air seal disposed therein and movable in response to a dif ference in pressure between the said two chambers, viewing means for observing the position of said air seal within said horizontal section, a change in pressure in one of said chambers causing said air seal to move a distance such that the volume change of one chamber equalizes the pressure change in the other chamber, and means for actuating said means for expanding or contracting said bellows until said air seal is returned to its original position.

16. An instrument for measuring gas pressure comprising an outer chamber in communication with a source of pressure to be measured, an inner chamber, a. closure member common to both said chambers, an expansible bellows carried by said closure member and extending inwardly into one of said chambers, meansincluding a heat-insulated rod for expanding and contracting said bellows to change the volume of the chamber in which it is disposed, capillary tubing interconnecting said chambers, said tubing having a normally horizontal transparent section, a small quantity of liquid disposed within said tubing to form a movable air seal therein, walls of heat-insulating material enclosing said outer chamber, and means operable externally of said heat-insulated walls for expanding and contracting said bellows to equalize the pressure existing on each side of said liquid seal.

17. A barometric pressure-measuring instrument of the null type comprising a pair of chambers one disposed within the other, a wall forming a common closure member for both chambers, volume-changing means supported from a viewing tube for precisely determining the location of said liquid seal within said tubing, and means for illuminating said liquid seal through said tube.

18. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed chamber, a transparent flow channel connected at one end to and extending from said chamber, a second chamber connected to the other end of said flow channel and connected to the gaseous atmosphere whose pressure is to be measured, a liquid seal within and movable along said flow channel in response to pressure difierences between said chambers, and displaceable volume-changing structure for varying the volume of the sealed chamber whereby said liquid seal may be displaced to a desired position and the volume change of the sealed chamber necessary to efiect the required displacement determined.

19. A pressure-measuring instrument comprising a normally sealed chamber, a transparent flow channel of uniform internal diameter connected at one end to and extending from said chamber, a second chamber connected to the other end of said flow channel and connected to the gaseous atmosphere whose pressure is to be measured, a liquid seal within and movable along said flow channel in response to pressure difierences between said chambers, valve means normally open when the instrument is in use between said second chamber and the atmosphere whose pressure is to be measured, closure of said valve means preventing excessive displacement of the liquid seal due to a large difference in pressure between said chambers, and means including volume-changing structure for varying the volume of said sealed chamber there- .by to change its pressure, whereby said liquid seal may be displaced to a desired position along said fiow channel and the volume change of the sealed chamber necessary to elTect the required displacement determined.

GEORGE E. CON OVER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the .-file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 622,761 Densmore et al. Apr. 11, 1899 1,100,171 Brown June 16, 1914 1,643,469 Reeves Sept. 27, 1927 I 1,945,203 Schiske Jan. 30, 1934 H 2,107,595 Bourdon Feb. 8, 1938 2,116,636 Neumann May 10, 1938 2,303,111 Cuyler et al. Nov. 24, 1942 2,434,837 Cornett Jan. 20, 1948 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 28,625 Great Britain Dec. 19, 1911 154,028 Great Britain Nov. 25, 1920 

